Three Worlds Of Welfare Capital Politics Essay

Three Worlds Of Welfare Capital Politics Essay The three worlds of welfare capitalism  written by Esping- Andersen in 1990 set the bar for welfare typologizing and has sparked a volatile and ongoing debate ever since. Most of the literature for those studying and analysing social policy is now based around mending or re forming the welfare capitalist in to something which acknowledges more factors which shape welfare provision and bring the original txt in to a modern or argument/ issue specific context. Issues such as gender, the role of the family and an expansion of the original categories of Welfare state have been the focus of much of Europes modern day social policy research and the defining factor in all of this research is that Esping-Andersen is almost always used as the starting point . This is the case despite the comment that typologizing is the lowest form of intellectual endeavour (Baldwin, 1996, p29). No matter how intellectually miniscule it may be reported to be the process of typologizing is an essential and b asic tool for carrying out and analysing strengths and weakness in welfare states and approaches to welfare and despite all the critiques and revisions it must be argued that if Andersens work is still being used as a basis of modern day research then it must have a fairly large amount of academic credibility left.   In the work of Esping-Andersen a typology was created by critically analysing 18 welfare states in relation to three main themes. These themes of: Decommodification; the extent to which welfare is reliant upon market forces, social stratification; the role of welfare states in maintaining society and equality within that society and the private-public mix which includes the role of the family and the voluntary sector, even though Andersen largely missed those out in his overall conclusions leading to significant criticisms being raised about his overall conclusions. How these states operate and how decomodified they are were the main criterion which lead to these welfare states being compartmentalised in to three welfare regime types; Liberal, Conservative and Social Democratic.(Esping-Andersen; 1990) Conservative welfare states are distinguished by their emphasis on the maintenance of status and the insurance based nature of welfare provision. Conservative welfare programmes, in which benefits are often earnings-related, are administered through the employer and what one puts in is what they get out. There is little or no redistribution of benefits or wealth within conservative welfare states. The role of the family is also emphasised and expected to some extent and a male breadwinner model is enshrined by the welfare system. France and Germany are strong examples of the Conservative model however according to Andersen so are the southern Mediterranean states which he analyzed. (Esping-Andersen; 1990) In Liberal countries, welfare is strictly controlled with entitlement criteria, and recipients are usually means-tested. Welfare is distributed on a sliding scale to those who need it most however Welfare provision is often very low meaning that often the effects of the welfare provided are negligible. The Social Democratic regime is the smallest of all 3 regimes. Welfare provision in social democratic countries is universal and relies on citizenship as its only real criteria for distribution. Social democratic countries try to promote full employment and the employed workforce is highly unionised. They also attempt to redistribute wealth throughout the population and there is much less of a stigma attached to this and much more of a willingness to contribute than in other welfare regimes. There are therefore a range of substantive critiques which can be used to critically assess the welfare capital and its modern day relevance; however an important starting point would be its relationship with gender. The gender-blind (Bambra, 2004, p201) concept of Decommodification and, the seeming unawareness of the role of women in the provision of welfare is startling. The welfare capital has been accused of being a; misleading comparison of aggregate welfare state expenditure (Bambra, 2004, p201). Not taking gender in to account has caused scholars and researchers to focus on this specific issue very acutely to point out how different the classifications of states could look with this factor included. This factor affects the Sothern European states to a disproportionate degree and many researchers and scholars have therefore pointed out how different the welfare categories would be if gender was accounted for. However there are more issues than simply gender issues which could l ead to the separation of the Sothern states from the conservative category and this must be addressed separately to which welfare states, and welfare state regimes, facilitate female autonomy and economic independence from the family. We must also asses the shift from the male worker model to the Adult worker model as well as the role of women in the home and look at how this has affected state policy and welfare provision. Many states now encourage women to enter the workplace and welfare is increasingly becoming about the individual rather than the family. This is certainly the case in some conservative countries but much less so in the southern welfare states of Europe. If Andersen had taken this factor in to account then once again we could likely have seen a very different set of results produced. The range of countries used to construct Esping-Andersens typology has met with criticism. Esping-Andersen only examined 18 OECD countries. This lead to countries such as Greece and Germany being grouped in the same category. Considering the economic differences and differences in terms of social structure this seems to be an unrealistic conclusion. It has therefore been suggested that given the unique characteristics of many of the southern European nations mainly; Portugal, Greece, Italy and Spain there is sufficient scope to create a fourth southern European welfare category. In the Journal of European Social Policy Arts and Gelissen state it seems logical to see the South European countries as a separate cluster (ArtsGelissen,2002,p145) . Southern welfare states are viewed as being extreamly basic in their welfare provision with strong emphasis on the family and fragmented care. They do however seem to have significant expenditure in some areas and more underdeveloped and limited expenditure in others. Pensions tend to be generous in southern European welfare states and this may be a feature of reliance on the family and a strong ethic of family protection and reliance on elderly people to provide services such as child care which are not provided by the state. There are also strong criticisms of the liberal states and the huge differences in both expenditure between liberal countries in total and on specific areas. Liberal nations in Esping-Andersens research tend to be groped as English speaking nations however the English speaking nations listed have huge ideological differences and state approaches to welfare funding and entitlement. A number of policy areas within nations also contravene the natural policy stances which are set out in the social categories too. For example the Universal UK NHS is not something which one would expect to see in a liberal model and it is not consistent with the criteria for the liberal welfare category and yet such policy variations have to be put aside in favour of an overall picture. Andersens has also been heavily criticised for his use and analysis of data and how this data has been presented and how easily manipulated it can be. Attention has been placed particularly upon decommodification indexes and the use of means to produce the final categories.  This method has a noticeable impact on the classification of certain countries, eg. the UK which, if a different cut-off point was used, may not have fallen within the Liberal regime. This is highlighted in the work of Bambra where she; Highlights an overlooked error in Esping-Andersens original calculations that led to the incorrect positioning of three borderline countries (Japan, the UK and Ireland) and resulted in the empirically erroneous composition of the Three Worlds of Welfare (Bambra,2006). Bambra Uses different methods to show how current data and the original data used by Esping-Andersen can be changed to produce very different catogories of welfare to great effect and she highlights the glairing errors as well in Esping-Andersens original calculations. (Banbra,2006). Therefore in conclusion it is clear that Arts and Glitsen are almost certainly correct when they state that Real welfare states are hardly ever pure types and are usually hybrid cases (Arts and Glitsen, 2002). It is also however clear that there is a basic role for the three worlds of welfare capitalism and that as a piece of work Esping-Andersen set the groundwork for the next 20 years of research and study in to European welfare spending and the grouping of European welfare states. Typologizing although a very inexact science in most cases is never the less extremely useful and we should not take that fact for granted. Nor should we take for granted the significant research that Esping-Andersen has subsequently inspired and the significant impact that his work has had on thinking within social policy.

Decision tree analysis Essay

Decision tree analysis known as an analytical tool applied to decision-making under condition of uncertainty, also clarifying where there are many possible outcomes for various alternatives and some outcomes are dependent on previous outcomes. However, decision tree will present as a diagram by showing the relationship among possible courses of action, possible events and the potential outcomes for each course of action in the decision (Drury, 2012). So decision tree analysis is useful for merchant navy company to understand in what direction their chance events are and what their values in terms of profits and losses are for each of the two tooling alternatives, also visualize the outcomes of different prospects in order make better decision under uncertainty Strengths of decision tree analysis Decision tree analysis will show all the alternatives, probabilities, costs and the possible outcomes that are not even consider by the company. The company can add the possible scenario into decision tree diagram, through the diagram can calculate the expected values and a probability distribution in more complex situations and the attributes can be chosen in any desired order (Kirkwood, 2002). Weaknesses of decision tree analysis However decision tree analysis brings sequential decisions and class-overlap problem that including categorical variable with different number of levels, and the information gain in decision tree analysis are biased in favour of those attribute with more levels. Also correlated data and complex production rules will occur in decision tree analysis, it can get very complex particularly if many values are uncertain and/or if many outcomes are linked (Kirkwood, 2002). Merchant navy industry background Merchant navy industry plays an important role in both domestic trade and international trade by transporting goods or passengers via sea to all around the world. There are different types of shipping service and kinds of cargo in order to serve different needs including feeder vessel, tankers, container ships, bulk carries and specialist ships (World Shipping Council, 2014). According to China Daily Information Co. (2012), there is high demand  in merchant navy industry due to freight transport capacity and loading volumes steadily rising in the moment. Therefore, it is important for merchant navy company to invest in new shipping service to cope with the demand. Company Background – China Shipping (Group) Company China Shipping (Group) Company is one of the largest shipping companies in China with approximately 47,000 employees worldwide. It was incorporated as international shipping line since 1997 and operates under the direct administration of Council of the People’s Republic of China. Mr. Li Shaode is the chairman of the company and it has over 100 branches across different regions and countries, also is headquartered in Shanghai, China. The another five holding companies owned by China Shipping (Group) Company are located in Hong Kong, north America, Europe, Southeast Asia and West Asia. The core business activities of China Shipping (Group) include shipping of oil tankers, special cargo ship passenger ships and container vessels as well as other related businesses like terminal management, finance and investment, engineering, integrated logistics, shipping agency, air cargo forwarding, container manufacturing, human resources, trading and information technology (China Shipping, 2 012). Case study China Shipping (Group) Company currently wants to decide whether to market new shipping service now. The marketing management estimated that if performs a market study (at a cost of  ¥30,000), there is a 60% chance that the study will return in favorable results (referred to as a local success) and a 40% chance that the study will return in unfavorable results (referred to as a local failure). If a local success is observed, there is an 80% chance that new shipping service will be national success. If a local failure is observed, there is only a 30% chance that new shipping service will be national success. The marketing management thinks that market shipping new service nationally successful that the expected profits (excluding the cost of the market study) will be  ¥1,600,000 however if the market shipping new service nationally failure then it expected loss of  ¥700,000(excluding the cost of the market study). However absence of market study, there are equal chances of natio nal success and national failure after if China Shipping (Group) Company decide to market nationally.  Therefore now the marketing management has to determine the best strategy that China Shipping (Group) Company should adopt. Excel According to the decision tree above, the optimal decision for China Shipping (Group) Company is to carry out test market and then market nationally if national success then the company will have return in expected profit of  ¥654,000 compared to do not conduct test market only have expected profit of  ¥450,000. Sensitivity analysis Assuming the probability of national success after the market study will decrease by 15% and the probability of national success without market study will increase by 10%. If a local success is observed, the new probability will decrease from 80% to 65% that new shipping service will be national success. If a local failure is observed, the new probability will decrease from 30% to 15% that new shipping service will be will be national success. However absence of market study and immediately market nationally, the new probability will increase from 50% to 60% to be national success. According to the sensitivity analysis above, after market study and market nationally the expected monetary value (EMV) of local success will decrease from profit  ¥1,110,000 to  ¥765,000 compared to the base case however the expected monetary value (EMV) of and market nationally after local failure will remain the same as loss of  ¥30,000 compared to the base case. The final expected monetary value (EMV) of conduct test market decision will have an expected profit of  ¥447,000 compared to the base case have  ¥654,000. However absence of market study and whether market nationally, the final expected monetary value (EMV) of local success will increase from profit  ¥450,000 to  ¥680,000 compared to the base case. Comparing the decision of conduct or do not conduct test market from the new probabilities, China Shipping (Group) Company’s optimal decision is do not conduct test market and then market nationally then the expected profit will be  ¥680,000. However according to the base case, China Shipping (Group) Company will only get the expected profit of  ¥654,000 after conduct test market and market nationally. Therefore, with the changes will allow the marketing management sees the impact of sensitivity analysis and compare to the base case. It allows the company to understand the overall decision whether market new shipping  service nationally with or without market study. Through sensitivity analysis, the company know that the value of the probabilities are sensitive and it will affect the expected profit and decision of the company market the new shipping service with or without test market. Conclusion To conclude, if a small change in the value of one of the causes a change in the recommended decision alternative, the company will have different outcome. However, the expected value is highly sensitive to the changes of probabilities and it will have significant effect on the decision making of the company. Therefore the expected values of each decision are evaluated to determine optimal model in order for company to do decision making. Decision tree is a diagram that shows the possible courses of actions, the potential event which is states of nature for each outcome together with the potential outcomes and associated possibilities. It is a useful analytical tool for carrying range of alternative courses of actions and the possible outcomes, also allow company to understand the uncertainty in decision making (Drury, 2012). Therefore, decision tree analysis is important for China Shipping (Group) Company to understand the how the different probabilities will affect the expected val ue under risk and uncertainty in order to make optimal decision in the investment. Recommendation From the decision tree analysis above carried out, it suggested China Shipping (Group) Company have to understand the risk and uncertainty in order to choose the optimal decision in the investment. However comparing the scenario to base case, if a local success is observed and the new probability will be 65% that new shipping service will be national success; if a local failure is observed and the new probability will be 15% that new shipping service will be will be national success. Absence of market study and immediately market nationally, the new probability will be 60% of national success. It showed that with the new probabilities, China Shipping (Group) Company’s optimal decision is do not conduct test market and then market nationally then the expected profit will be  ¥680,000. However according to the base case, China Shipping (Group) Company will only get the expected profit of  ¥654,000 after conduct test market and market nationally. Therefore, it suggested that China Shipping (Group) Company to look into the  probabilities of each decision and the expected value from its probabilities in order to maximize the investment with optimal decision. List of references Drury, C. (2012) Management and cost accounting. 8th edn. Andover: Cengage Learning, pp. 278-292. World Shipping Council. (2014) About the industry. [online] Available at: http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry. [Accessed: 31 March 2014]. China Daily Information Co. (2012) China leads in shipping industry. [online] Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-08/04/content_15644653.htm. [Accessed: 29 March 2014]. China Shipping. (2012) Company Profile. [online] Available at: http://www.cnshipping.com/en/aboutus/companyprofile/index.shtml. [Accessed: 29 March 2014]. Kirkwood, C.W. (2002) Decision Trees. [online] Available at: http://vserver1.cscs.lsa.umich.edu/~spage/ONLINECOURSE/R4Decision.pdf. [Accessed: 31 March 2014]. Bibliography Lucey, T.(2003). Management and cost accounting. 5th edn. London: Cengage. pp. 321-343. Pannell, David J.(2013). Sensitivity analysis: strategies, methods, concepts, examples. [online] Available at: http://dpannell.fnas.uwa.edu.au/dpap971f.htm.[Accessed: 31 March 2014].

Gender Roles Of The Film Industry - 1228 Words

The film industry has created the conventional gender roles of society into their movies. A majority of films have supported some of the male and female stereotypes. In the history of the film industry, the role of men is primarily that of the stereotypical working class man or hero, while the roles of women are primarily portrayed as being somewhat inferior to men. In the 1930s through the 1970s, men held the leading roles in films while women played smaller roles. In terms of jobs, women were given mostly family roles and rarely were shown outside of their homes, while men had successful careers and did many activities outside of home. â€Å"Women were shown doing housework and men were the beneficiaries of their work† (â€Å"Women’s roles in the†¦show more content†¦300). The narrator speaks of how Spartan men are raised like brutes and are â€Å"hard warriors† (Zack Snyder. 300). This particular phrase is important to the story because it reflects the gender role of men during that time period. King Leonidas can also be classified as the family man stereotype. Throughout the film he trains his young son for battle. He plays the role of protector not only for his individual family, but also for Sparta. In the movie 300, King Leonidas represents many male stereotypes. In contrast, the character Queen Gorgo stands for many female stereotypes in the movie. The Queen portrays the domestic female stereotype. In the film Queen Gorgo cares for her young son and stays at home while her husband, King Leonidas, is fighting for their country. Like many of the women in the film, Queen Gorgo performs many domestic tasks such as retrieving food and water for her family, as well as looking after her child. Queen Gorgo is also a sex object. She is easily seduced by her King/husband but she also bribes one of the councilmen with sex. At times in the film the Queen, among many other women, wear little clothing throughout the movie. The 300 Spartans also wear little clothing in the film. Due to the lack of clothing, the Spartans show their ripped and brute physique to reinforce the male stereotype of being beefy and strong. Lastly, the queen represents the female stereotype of beauty. The queenShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Of The American Film And Television Industr y3106 Words   |  13 Pages Gender Slaves The America film and television industry’s excessive use of stereotypical gender roles has negatively influenced society. Stereotypical gender roles are based on standards expected of males and females. Men are considered to be financial providers, career motivated and aggressive. Whereas women have been represented as low position workers, loving wives and mothers. 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It began with the first silent film in 1913 and then escalated from there. Throughout the 1900s, Bollywood was significantly changing and growing. During the 1960s, Bollywood portrayed themes of Indian mafia and the gangster scene, and then in the 1980s and 1990s, it started to revert back to romantic themes. Although Bollywood is based in Mumbai, it is a known industry aroundRead MoreThe Image Of Parenting889 Words   |  4 Pagesof parenting portrayed in films nowadays contrast the existing feature of parenting. In the 19th century fathers in Europe and North America were expected to be family patriarchs and stern moral teachers, 20th century fathers have been relatively uninvolved in the daily routines of family life (Coltrane, 1996). Most western cultures has been remarkably brought changes in gender role by modernization and globalization. Globalization at its peak is tied with media and film i s a vital media technology

Eng 211 Short Story Questions and Answers - 4549 Words

The Loon Study Questions 1. What is the relationship between Vanessa and Piquette, and how does this relationship change? Vanessas feelings towards Piquette change from discomfort to curiosity to embarrassment. 2. How are the Metis represented in the story? â€Å"if that half-breed youngster comes along to Diamond Lake, Im not going† (188) Vanessas images of Natives are drawn solely from literature, and these representations are only superficially positive. When Piquette doesnt reveal natures secrets, Vanessa concludes â€Å"as an Indian, Piquette was a dead loss† (191) 3. What do the loons symbolize? â€Å"My dad says we should listen and try to remember how they sound, because in a few more years when more cottages†¦show more content†¦Presenting two points of view simultaneously allows the reader to see what Vanessa sees, but also to understand what Vanessa does not. This creates a tension between innocence and maturity Araby Study Questions 1. What do the first three paragraphs tell us about the setting of the story? The first three paragraphs of â€Å"Araby† introduce the physical setting of the story—North Richmond Street—but also establish the mood of the story. The residents of North Richmond Street are Catholic and working-class. The street is twice called â€Å"blind,† emphasizing the literal limits of the street and the figurative limitations of the city. The mood is further established with the descriptions of brown and sombre houses, musty air and dark streets, yellowing pages and straggling bushes, dark muddy lanes and dark dripping gardens, ashpits and odorous stables, and the interplay of light and dark imagery, all of which suggest economic and spiritual poverty. â€Å"Araby† is the story of a young romantic boy who lives in this unromantic environment, and the motif of blindness and sight permeates his character development. 2. How old is the narrator of â€Å"Araby†? A school boy 3. 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